Civil Peace

Civil Peace Chinua Achebe The short story â€Å"Civil Peace† by Chinua Achebe is about a man named Jonathan Iwegbu, his wife Maria and his three surviving children. Chinua Achebe’s emphasis in his short story is how Jonathan and his family are trying to get on with their lives after the Civil War in Nigeria. Moreover, there is a phrase that Jonathan says several times through his story, â€Å"nothing puzzles God†. What does Jonathan means when he says this?The story starts off with Jonathan realizing how lucky he is to have survived the war along with his wife and three of his four children, one of his sons did not survive. He also mentions that his old bicycle which he had buried in the ground a year earlier just needed a little greasing and was able to be used again. This is also where Jonathan first uses the phrase â€Å"Nothing puzzles God†, (page 29). I think that in this part of the story Jonathan means that although his bicycle had been buried in th e ground for a year all that it needed to work again was a little oil.Most people may have thought that the bicycle would have been no good or puzzled by the fact that it worked, but God knew that it would be okay, so Jonathan places his faith in God, â€Å"Nothing puzzles God†. Jonathan immediately put his bicycle to use as a taxi to earn money. He then mentions that he makes the journey to Enugu and when he arrives he finds another miracle. His little house is still standing, â€Å"he discovers that miraculously his own modest home is intact†, Dameron Charles, â€Å"Chinua Achebe†, A Reader's Companion to the Short Story in English, paragraph 15.He again uses the phrase â€Å"nothing puzzles God†. Jonathan talks about the fact that just two houses away a huge concrete structure is no longer there, but his tiny little house has survived. As this point, I think Jonathan means that despite the war and hardship a small house withstood the effects of the war and Jonathan and his family had a place to return to. Jonathan after fixing his home opens a palm-wine bar for soldiers and people who had a lot of money. He opens this bar rather than going back to work as a miner. Jonathan talks of receiving twenty pounds from the treasury which he eceived for turning in rebel money and how he felt like it was Christmas because he had so much money. He attracts the attention of thieves who show up at his home that night to steal the money. Jonathan explains how he is usually a heavy sleeper but on this night he hears ever noise. He finally falls asleep and is awakened by knocking at the door. Jonathan and his wife scream for the police and for their neighbors but no one comes to help them. The thieves want one hundred pounds, but Jonathan tells them that he only has the twenty pounds that he had received from the treasury.Jonathan agrees to hand over the twenty pounds and the thieves leave. When Jonathan tells people of the robbery the next morni ng, he again uses the phrase â€Å"Nothing puzzles God†, (page 34). I believe that Jonathan means that with everything that has happened, the war, his son’s death, his bicycle being recovered, his house still standing, and finally the robbery that God has a plan for everything and although we may not understand what that plan is God does and therefore nothing puzzles God.He is a humble man, â€Å"He is a modern, and modest, hero, a rural counterpoint to the doomed Gladys†. Dameron Charles, â€Å"Chinua Achebe†, A Reader's Companion to the Short Story in English, paragraph 15. Chinua Achebe is aware of Jonathan’s feelings and he knows about his suffering and of his family members. However, the writer mentioned that Jonathan has a strong faith of God. Moreover, Jonathan always keeps his optimistic view of life and that is very important for all readers.

Effects of the Yom Kippur War on Arab Israeli Relation

Describe the Effects of the Yom Kippur War on Arab Israeli relations. (12 marks) The Yom Kippur War happened in October 1973, which involved the Arabs and the Israelis, as well as two superpowers, the USA and the USSR. At the end of the war, the Israelis had won. However, the Israeli government and people were shocked by how the Arabs did. The Yom Kippur War has led to a number of effects on the Arab-Israeli relations, which can be classified as two aspects, short term and long term. There are some immediate consequences caused by the Yom Kippur War. The Arabs used oil as a political weapon, which led to a huge economic problem and oil shortage in the world. On 17 October 1973, the price of oil was cut by 70 per cent by the OAPEC, a mostly Arab group. At the same time it cut production by 35 per cent and banned all sale of its products to the US and the Netherlands. Because of this oil incident, plenty of people lost their jobs and the prices raised sharply. Therefore, many countries’ economies collapsed, which took years to recover. The other short term effect was that the war resulted in even more refugees in Jordan and Lebanon, particularly in Lebanon. People were then realized that they could no longer rely on the government but to gain hope from the Palestinian organizations, especially the PLO: they need to fight for peace their own way. This indicates a greater unsteadiness and also a rising support for the PLO. The attacks on Israel and the Israeli peace with Egypt led to many invasions: the PLO attacks on Israel from refugees’ camp in Lebanon, as well as the Israel peace with Egypt caused the Israeli invasions of Lebanon in 1978 and 1982. The Camp David Accords isolated Egypt from the rest of Arab world. After the war, Egypt signed two agreements with the Israeli president with the help of the American Secretary. Many Arab countries were very sad and disappointed. Egyptian relations with rest of the Arab world declined. As a result, Sadat was assassinated by extremists. Seeing how Sadat was killed by making peace with Israel, other Arab leaders didn’t have the courage to do what Sadat has done, to make peace. Consequently, the Arab world was lacking a clear leader. Syria attempted to take this position, but didn’t success. Also, after the war, Egypt moved towards USA away from USSR, which means Egypt was no longer close to USSR. Instead, they improved the relationship with USA as the USSR did not support them much during the war. Trust was lost between USSR and Egypt. The long term effects brought by the war can be divided into a few points. The world opinion changed after the Yom Kippur War. Militarily, the Israelis won. They had shown their weapons, their training and their strategies were the better ones. But politically, it was a victory for the Arabs. They had completely surprised the Israelis and the rest of the world in the war. They now let the world know that Arab soldiers could fight with courage. Because of the war, Egyptians became more confident in themselves. They thought that Israel had only been saved by the United States. The thought that Israel is so strong that might not be defeated had been destroyed. After the war, the world was not on the side of Israel anymore. In contrast, there was much more sympathy for the Arab position. Above all, they had done everything together, especially in the use of the oil weapon. As a result, the rest of the world showed much more respect for the Arabs. This is the first war in which the Israel suffered serious losses. There were a great Human loss and a feeling of uncertainty among Israelis. An estimated 3,000 Israeli and 8,500 Egyptian and Syrian soldiers were killed, and 8,000 Israelis and almost 20,000 Syrians wounded. It was the first Arab-Israeli war in which Israel suffered a high casualty rate. These effects led to the emergence of an Israeli peace movement. This and the later experience of the wars in Lebanon led to the growth of ‘Israeli peace movement’ in Israel. To conclude, the Yom Kippur War has a negative impact on the Arab-Israeli relations. The PLO and other Palestinian terrorists groups, the oil crisis and the other incidents happened in the Yom Kippur War have worsened the relationship between the two states.

An Analysis Of Education History Education Essay

An Analysis Of Education History Education Essay Introduction The analysis of education history in any system involves many concepts such as renaissance, reformation and Counter Reformation. Such concepts significantly affect educational with regard to systems, content, teachers and curriculum amongst many other aspects. In Kenya, the British colonialists introduced the first system of education. The formation of Ominde commission after independence saw the introduction of many changes in the educational system (Bogonko, 1992). At that time, issues of unity and identity were very critical and the authority largely focused on them. Following this, subject content changes were made in fields of geography and history to reflect aspects of national cohesion. A common curriculum for all schools was adopted between 1964 and 1985 involving a 7-4-2-3 system. This system involved seven years for primary education, four years for lower secondary, two years for upper secondary and three years for university education. In 1981, there were eff orts to reform the entire educations system through the Presidential working party commission. The committee tabled recommendations on changing the educational system from the 7-4-2-3 to the structure of 8-4-4 (Sifuna & Otiende, 2006). In 1985, the new system was launched that put more emphasis on subjects considered as vocational. The new structure would theoretically enable school leavers at varied levels to be self-employed or acquire informal sector employment. According to Sifuna & Otiende (2006), a detailed development of educational theory through the ages is presented. With vested interest in African education context, this book highlights the plight of education in Kenya through the ages to the 8-4-4 system. The credibility of this text is guaranteed by its diversity in approach with reference to African Islamic education. It is inevitable that African education has its roots in the western world hence Sifuna & Otiende included the history of western education in this book. Educational significance of concepts Renaissance concept. This concept involves the activity of educational and cultural reform spearheaded by writers, scholars and civic leaders. Such pioneers in the history of education are as of today referred to as humanists. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw the development of this concept because of the challenges brought forth by the mediaeval scholastic education. This activity emphasized on scientific, practical and pre-professional studies as a response to the inherent challenges. Under the scholasticism, men were prepared to become lawyers, doctors and professional theologians through approved textbooks (Court & Kinyanjui, 1980). On the other hand, to change from training professionals in strict practice and jargon, the humanists emphasized on a citizenry creation hence enabling people to write and speak with clarity and eloquence. In addition, these professionals were capable of better engaging their communities’ civic l ife and hence persuading people to prudent and virtuous actions. The renaissance concept in education which is also known as the learning re-birth started in the 14th century in Europe and reached its peak in the 15th century. Humanist educators designed and formulated teaching methods for the education system that would prepare liberal and well-rounded persons. The educational renaissance in England saw the improvement of women’s educational opportunities especially for those women from upper classes. The renaissance concept in Kenya’s educational system can be explained through the analysis of the history of education. Prior to the gaining of independence in Kenya, there were three divisions in the education system with schools for Asians, whites and Africans. In such a system, there was segregation in that, whites attended the best schools, the middle class schools were reserved for Asians especially Indians and Africans attended the lower class schools (Sifuna & Ot iende, 2006).

Kaiser Wilhelm II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Kaiser Wilhelm II - Essay Example The period between 1888 and 1914 saw rapid growth of Germany as an economic and military dominance. On the other hand, Europe was largely divided into different opposing camps due to the suspicion arising from allies that were formed during this period. The mistrust culminated into the World War 1, where Germany experienced the worst defeat in the century. Consequently, there was the abolishment of German monarchical rule, and all this was blamed on Wilhelm’s actions and character (Imperial War Museums 1). Additionally, the miscalculated judgments by Wilhelm led to the dismissal of Bismarck in 1890. Moreover, Wilhelm II disrupted the political system that had existed in Europe (Imperial War Museums 1). This was largely seen through strained relationship that existed between Germany and Britain. In addition, as Germany engaged in supporting the Boers against Britain, this hastened the development of strong ties between France and Britain to the detriment of Germany (Imperial Wa r Museums 1). This also increased isolation of Germany to the rest of Europe. The other essential thing to note is Wilhelm’s support of Austria-Hungary against Serbia. This opened doors for strenuous relations between various allies in Europe. This was detrimental to Germany and Europe and was utterly opposite of the situation in the last quarter of 19th century. ... He adopted different form of governing for over two decades before the beginning of the First World War. The form of governance was different as compared to the one practiced by Bismarck. The governance was more liberal and compared to the conservative nature adopted by Bismarck. He engaged in aggressive and expansionist political course entirely in the name of maintaining Germany position in Europe. All these far-reaching policies acted as a recipe to war in 1914. This was because the policies adopted by Wilhelm II destabilized the relative peace that Bismarck had managed to restore. However, the foreign policy remained the same throughout this period as what was envisioned in the unification of Germany. Moreover, there was the adoption of a German constitution in this period that envisaged the militaristic foundation of the new empire. The constitution gave all sections of the government real political power. The sections included the Bundesrat, the Reichstag, Prussian cabinet and the military establishment. The election of the Reichstag was by all males over the age of 24 (Imperial War Museums 1). This gave Germany a law making body that had similar democratic principles to the rest of Europe. However, all the different factions of the government were under Wilhelm II. As a result, Wilhelm had enormous political power and this was instrumental to the institutionalization of ‘personal rule’ as envisioned in his dreams (Imperial War Museums 1). Secondly, Wilhelm made a political decision that was not expected by many in Germany at this period. He forced Bismarck to resign in 1890. This was seen as resulting from variation in political ideologies. This was because Bismarck was conservative as compared to Wilhelm 11 liberal approach. This provided

The Product of Coca-Cola in South Africa and Canada Assignment - 9

The Product of Coca-Cola in South Africa and Canada - Assignment Example However, the South African website has a direct link on its homepage to the company’s sustainability strategy, while it also has a list with graphics of the different brands offered by Coca-Cola, which the other does not.  In addition, the South African website has the company’s mission on the home page, while the Canadian website only links to activities charitable events. Companies that sell their products in the US and foreign markets may face various risks with regards to grey market goods. Companies may intend to sell products in foreign markets due to consumer preferences for packaging and formulations that differ between domestic and foreign markets, which may also result in different product pricing in relation to the foreign country’s economic status (Sugden, 2013). One risk lies with loss of goodwill in the domestic market due to differently packaged or constituted goods entering the market, despite them being authentic. In addition, grey markets could also damage the relationship of the company with its distributors that have to compete against lower-priced but authentic products (Sugden, 2013). Finally, the company may suffer profit margin and sales volume decline as authentic products purchased cheaply abroad undercut their sales in the domestic market.  

Design for Environment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design for Environment - Coursework Example A power screw attached to the motor driver rod is expected to have sufficient strength and resistance to force. These properties ensure no undesired movement from the user and bone regeneration forces occurs. The motor will have to be small enough to remain inside the device. Addition of load bearings to the device ensures that the user can exert full weight on the device without failure. These drivers entail both internal as well as external factors. This device, being expected to be implantedin patients body, need to meet all the compatibility requirements. Some of the expected goals of this design include: The specification of the required rates of bone lengthening will be required. The device will then be adjusted accordingly. The self-locking provision for the device ensures that rods do not return. The power screw provides the lengthening force. The device will be designed with steel roads with smooth surfaces as well as edges. This will, therefore, eliminate any physical injury on flesh as well as bone contact walls. The device’ moving parts will be internally fitted to avoid injury. Titanium-steel alloy, being un-reactive, means that no toxic substances resulting from reactions will be released. These reactions usually occur as electrochemical dissolution. Release of any toxic substance could cause pain (Edwards, 1996). As earlier stated, the device is to have smooth surface and edges to avoid injury. Since the device is to beembedded in thebody, the points of connection of the two rods should be made airtight. This will ensure that the device’s inner environment is separated from the body fluids avoiding any possible contamination.Corrosion of implanted metals in human bodies has been a major challenge. The device being made of titanium-steel alloy avoids any possibility of corrosions. Suitable fixing attachments will also be designed. They will be

Star project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Star project - Research Paper Example Its projected Galactic orbit conveys it between 25,100 and 30,600 light years from the middle of the Galaxy. Historically, the entire heavenly bodies were regarded as stars by astrologers. Therefore, the terminology ‘stars’ comprised of stars, planets, comets, meteors among others. However, as time went by, astrologers were able to differentiate stars from the rest of heavenly bodies. Of particular interest are the Stars of the Northern Hemisphere. These stars show three major panels of all the constellations that can be observed from Europe, Canada, the United States and Asia. Humanity tends to identify with the stars with each individual having an interest with a peculiar star. The process of choosing a star has been lengthy and time consuming due to the interest in the topic. Each star seems to portray some unique history which is amazing and interesting, most stars have some distinct features and fantastic history; each of them is of equal importance. Amongst the stars whish have been of key interest to persons are proper, Bayer, Flamsteed and Catalog. However, I have per sonally developed a liking for star Mintaka which I closely attribute it to my individuality. Therefore, this research paper will focus on this particular star , giving a detailed description of its characteristics. Mintaka is a star in the constellation Orion, with a bayer designation of Delta Orionis and flamsteed designation of 34 Orionis. Three stars are found in the orion to form the ‘the belt of orion’. The three stars in the belt of orion are the following, mintaka which means ‘belt’, Alnilam meaning ‘a belt of pearls’ and Alnitak which means girdle. The three are believed to have formed from the system nebulas in the Orion constellation. The stars form a row, mintaka is to the west, alnilam is at the centre and alnitak is to the east. Among the three, alnilam is the brightest followed by mintaka and finally alnitak (Ashland Astronomy

Identification of Clostridium difficle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Identification of Clostridium difficle - Essay Example 3-4). Diarrhoea cases associated with C. difficle have been increasing in the contemporary world. In addition, increased resistance has been identified. It is also a major cause of hospital-based infection. Specifically, this infection affects the inner linings of the colon and produces toxins, which can lead to serious inflammation as well as diarrhoea. During the 2000s, this infection used to be treated using antibiotic fluoroquinolone to which the infection developed resistance. In the developed nations, C. difficle is a key cause of infectious diarrhoea. It is mostly spread in poor healthcare settings. The infection has not only become more prevalent in today’s world but also gotten harder to treat. Bearing in mind that the infection emerged several decades ago, many diagnostic methods have been developed since the earliest times of its discovery. Some of these methods are effective while others have been ignored due to inconsistencies. This diagnosis incorporates a wide history of recent antibiotic therapy, diarrhoea development, or any other indication of acute colitis (Planche & Wilcox, 2011, p. 3). In addition, the diagnosis is also based on the demonstration of an infection by toxigenic C. difficle. This is usually done through the detection of toxin A or B within stool samples. Pathogenesis leads to the production of toxin while the toxin strains are responsible for the production of toxin A, also known as enterotoxin or toxin B, cytotoxin. The diagnostic methods can be divided into several subsections that include laboratory methods, antigen detection methods, and nucleic acid amplification methods (McFarland, 2011, p. 431-432). The laboratory methods include culture Aga r media, enriching pores, CCN test, and selective media. The antigen detection methods, on the other hand, include GDH Assays while the nucleic acid amplification methods include PCR Assays and LAMP Assays. Although there may be many diagnostic

Major reasons for losing clients at work and steps to be taken in Research Paper

Major reasons for losing clients at work and steps to be taken in eradicating these problems - Research Paper Example The project also strives to propose possible measures of addressing these problems. The research questions that will guide the survey include: What are the causes of customer complaints, which are the most important in terms of frequency, and which resolutions are feasible to management. Data collection will be conducted through online focus groups while content tracking and run charts will be applied for data analysis. Table of Contents 1.Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 2.Framing the Research 5 2.1Reviewing My Professional Context 5 2.2 Review of External Knowledge 6 2.3 Training 7 2.4 Motivation 8 2.5 Communication with Staff 8 2.6 Equipments 8 2.7 Customer Complaint Analysis 9 2.7.1. Error or Unreasonable Expectations 9 2.7.2. Reasonable Mistakes 10 2.8 The Iceberg Theory 10 2.9 Fishbone Theory 12 Fishbone Diagram 13 2.9.1 Economic Theory 14 3.Research Purpose & Research Questions 15 4.1 Research approach 15 4.2 Methods of Data Collection and Research 16 4.2.1 Stage 1: Alternative Method of Data Collection (RQs A & B) 16 4.2.1 Stage 2: Alternative Method of Data Analysis (RQ C) 18 6.Conclusion 21 7. ... I am delegated to deal with complaints and recommendations that are received to a dedicated email address on a daily basis from the clients. My position in the organization gives me an opportunity to oversee the day-to-day activities of the organization. This is because I have to authorize all the paperwork before it is entered onto the company’s database. My position empowers me with vast knowledge that enables me access adequate data and information vital for this research. However, although I have access to this information, I have not systematically identified what are the causes of the growing number of complaints. The purpose of the project is to identify the main causes of complaints within the company. The organization is having difficulties with complaints i.e. 20 complaints per month within the last 3 months. This is making the company experience financial losses as considerable resources are being channeled to improvement strategies aimed at curtailing these complai nts (Young, 2008). However, these strategies are proving inefficient. The company image is also being soiled by increased complaints; lowering its competitiveness. Complaints are also wasting precious time that could otherwise be utilized by employees in improving productivity within the company. The complaints come in a repetitive pattern signaling that their causes could be interrelated, or recur even after the staff have addressed them and confirmed that everything is in order. This act of irresponsibility on behalf of the temporary staff can be mainly due to lack of training provided to them. This is because they are on temporary contract and lack job

Criminal Profiling Essay Example for Free

Criminal Profiling Essay Criminal profiling involves analyzing the scene of a crime and then use the information gathered from the analysis to determine correctly the identity of a perpetrator. This method of identifying perpetrators is very useful though it does not assist an investigator in getting the name of the perpetrator it helps narrow down and thus makes it easier to identify a criminal. (Dennis, 2006) Some of the pertinent issues that criminal profiling helps in bringing out include but not limited to the sex of the perpetrator, the background of a person in terms of ethnic community, age and personality. This profile is then used to single out a criminal among several people who appear to match with some of the features identified in the profile. One may wonder just how does criminal profiling work? Normally experts examine the manner in which a particular crime is committed. This is commonly referred to as the method of operations. Usually the experts will take the identity of the victims and then examine what the suspected criminals have in common especially in terms of the likely weapon that was used to commit the particular crime in question. The other issue that the experts look at is the brutality or hostility that was used during the commission of the crime in question by the perpetrator. Existence of torture or any form of hostility is yet another trait that experts look for when using the criminal profiling method. One student in an American University during a lecture asked her professor why he believed that the criminal profiling method actually works in identifying a perpetrator in a criminal act. The professor gave a precise answer and stated that thorough research has been carried out over the years and there have been conducted some interviews even with convicts who have helped prove the workability of this method. There are two main ways that are used to come up a criminal profile. One of the methods is one that is commonly used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation known as criminal scene analysis. This method involves a number of steps which include profiling inputs. This basically involves gathering evidence in terms of anything that was found in the scene of the crime. The second step usually is to put the evidence together and try to see if there is any common aspect in the crimes committed by the suspects. Crime assessment and investigation follows and it is after that some apprehensions can be made based on the investigations. The second method is the behavioral evidence analysis. This method was developed by Brent Turvey who argued that when a crime is being investigated there are a lot of discrepancies that rise from all the gatherings that are made by the investigative team. The first step is forensic analysis which involves analyzing physical evidenced gathered which may involve taking photographs and videos of the crime scene and having interviews with some of the victims of the crime who may be alive. Victimology is the nest step and involves creating a profile for a victim which in turn helps identify the criminal responsible. The third step is examining keenly the features and characteristics of the scene of crime as this is said to give a leading clue on who the suspect could be. The last step is combining the first three steps discussed and it is this combination that helps the investigators come up with a criminal profile. According to Turvey a crime ought to be analyzed in four main steps to ensure that the information gathered by the investigative team does not bear any discrepancies. Criminal profiling has in several instances been criticized as a source that lacks credibility on the basis that it is based on speculations. However experts state that according to research that has been conducted for several years now, criminal profiling has a considerably high level of credibility. Profiling involves a number of phases. The initial phase in every criminal profiling is known as antecedent which involves attempting to figure out the plan or the fantasy that the perpetrator of a crime had prior to the commitment of the crime. Basically this phase of criminal profiling involves an attempt to unearth the motive behind the commission of a crime by the perpetrator. The second phase is known as method and manner and involves examining the target group that the perpetrator was aiming at in the crime committed and more so the manner in which or better still the method used to commit the crime in question. Brent, 2002) The third phase in criminal profiling is known as body disposal and is common in murder cases. This is where experts attempt to examine where the scene of crime is the same with the place where the body was dumped or whether the crime was committed at a particular place and then the body dumped in yet another place thus introducing the concept of multiple. (Davis, 2007) Post offense behavior is the final or the last phase in criminal profiling and it is quite tricky. Post offense behavior involves investigating behavior of criminals especially after commission of crimes. Normally some criminals try to hide their identity by pretending to be part of the investigating team. Experts must therefore use their expert knowledge to single out criminals who pretend to be assisting in the investigation process yet they are the suspects. Having examined in great depths what criminal profiling is all about, it may be of paramount importance to address the issue of whether criminal profiling has managed to shape up chance. Basically by making this analysis we are able to know whether criminal; profiling does any play any vital role in helping to identify criminals in a given crime in question. In simpler terms using criminal profiling as a method of identifying criminals what are the chances of identifying the suspect responsible in the criminal act at hand. In the beginning of the twentieth century, criminal law took a new twist with criminal profiling slowly shaping chance. Majorly what changed during the twentieth century was the inference in terms of probability. During this century actuarial methods changed. One thing to note that it is not the risk analysis and actuarial thinking that actually changed but the inferences in terms of probability. The actuarial methods got more refined so that using the criminal profiling method one can be sure that the identity of a particular perpetrator is correct. In conclusion therefore it is correct to state that over the year and more so after the twentieth century, criminal profiling is slowly gaining acceptance as reliable method of correctly identifying perpetrators of crimes. This is because it has been studied and proved that it shapes chance so that the probability of a person to be the suspect of a crime in question having been pointed out by the criminal profiling method is very high.

Strategic Management For Fly Dubai

Strategic Management For Fly Dubai This paper explores the existing aviation company Fly Dubai in a manner that analyzes and evaluates their current operations and efforts in a manner relative to strategic management. Further to this, the paper suggests that Fly Dubai is still relatively young in the market and requires a significantly more amount of experience before it can be labelled as competitive with other companies in the industry- namely, Emirates Airlines, Etihad Airlines and Air Arabia, SAMA, NAS in Saudi Arabia. The first part of the paper comprehensively analyzes the aviation industry at the present, and this serves purpose to gain knowledge about the competition and the market before a constructive and logical analysis can be made about Fly Dubai. Therefore, important factors such as the external environment, internal environment and Porters Five Forces are discussed. The second part of the paper is directly relative to Fly Dubai as well as their chief competitors in the industry. Here, certain Generic strategies are analyzed and proposed to indefinitely help the company gain a competitive advantage. Another important framework we used is the Product Growth Matrix, which analyzes the situation that they are facing, and we have proposed that they use Market Development. Ultimately, the paper ends with a conclusion and recommendations, which we believe would best, support Fly Dubai. Part 1- Industry Analysis Introduction This paper is focused on developing Strategic Management for a major public aviation company and their expansion into the industry with a new strategy to give them a competitive advantage against their competition. Unlike a business plan, a strategic management focuses on the two major factors that surround scheme of business development for the related industry, and the company. Since the core value of a business is generating acceptable returns, this paper concentrates on the methods that they particularly went through in order to achieve it. Although strategic management is increasingly important for the success of products, it is also important to establish that the industry is swiftly ascending with fresh ideas continually making a consumers life relatively easier and more pleasurable. A service-based business is extensively labour-intensive, and to sell the service requires an excellent business development team and therefore, it is also necessary to productively market your employees and their skills in order to gain more business. Therefore, in this paper, we will be studying the public aviation business based in Dubai that only concentrates on chartering passengers through the use of their Low cost carriers. This company is known as Fly Dubai. Our Strategic Management analysis will conclude theories and frameworks commonly used in the corporate world today such as PEST Analysis, Competitor Analysis, SWOT Analysis, Porters Five Forces, Porters Generic Strategies and many more. Ultimately, we will establish a number of results and based on it we will provide several recommendations and a conclusion. Industry Trends The Aviation industry in the UAE developed in 1985 when Emirates Airlines was founded after Gulf Air reduced their flight services to Dubai. This is when Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum took action and started the company in order for citizens in the UAE to be able to travel more frequently. In October 1985, the company flew their first routes from two leased planes. Nowadays, many other airlines have emerged in the UAE to compete with Emirates including Etihad Airways, Air Arabia and Fly Dubai. (AFP, 2009). Not with standing the increased success in commercial airlines appearing in the UAE, Fly Dubai differs largely due to the fact that it is a cost effective airline. According to Saif Mohammed Al Suwaidi, Director General of GCAA said: Air operations in UAE so significant growth in the first quarter of 2010 (n/a, 2010). The Middle East Business Aviation Association (MEBAA) has confirmed that the number of business jets in Middle East region have grown to about 500 aircraft in the past few years showing a growth of approximately 30-40%. Further to this report, the Aviation industry is expected to grow at 15-20% annually over the next four years to become a multi-billion dollar industry. It also assumes that from the year 2012-2018 the MENA region will receive 20-25% of the new business amounting to about  £300 billion. (n/a, 2009). PEST Analysis The first general method, which is commonly used in the analysis of the external environment, is through the PEST Analysis. It is increasingly important to understand the nature of external surroundings as they inevitably play a major role in effecting the companys operations. Fly Dubais PEST projections can be seen on the next page. Factor Description Implications on the Aviation Industry Political Low government intervention Supports foreign direct investments which leads to political stability In regards to locally owned companies, the government does not intervene and actually supports their operations Investments help increase the countrys GDP which is favorable for the government Economic Inflation over the past few years has led to more costs Stable interest rates and no taxes Rise in GDP and disposable income GCC unemployment rate had decreased from 12.4% to 10.5% (McGinley, 2010) Inflation has led to higher labor and operating costs, but also shows the expansion in the UAE This has led the business being able to borrow more without the fret of taxation and increased cost The countrys growth in GDP and disposable income mean that consumers have more money to spend on Aviation services This gives a positive sign to increase liquidity in the market. Socio-cultural Growing social trend in the Aviation industry Young workforce Low cost appeal (n/a, 2010). Increased number of tourism More people are using chartered services which indicates an overall industry growth A younger workforce will reduce costs for pensions Because of the recession, people have decreased their spending by allocating cheaper airlines Tourism will increase by 40% in next 3 years. (n/a, 2008) Technological New plane models available in the market Better operational technology Online booking These models which companies have ordered make them more competitive as their service is more desirable by having modern technology Business operations can run smoother as technology helps them reduce costs and improve quality of the service LCC dont focus on sales offices for lowering their costs ,so they focus on their website and make it more efficient for them and clinets. Strategic Group Map As we can see from the graph above, the two measurements we have chosen for our strategic group map is product quality and price. The graph above shows us that Emirates airlines and Ettihad airways have the biggest market share and they are competing against each other. As Emirates Airlines announced in their website, that they aim to increase their market share to 70% by 2010 without compromising their reputation for quality. (Emirates, 2010). Although they dont start from the same point, but Ettihad Airlines are trying their best to compete with Emirates by giving better offers and prices to same destinations, so people got attracted and didnt mind the 45 minutes drive to Abu Dhabi for the same kind of quality and cheaper prices. Now these two companies are indirect competitors for Fly Dubai. The major competitor for Fly Dubai is Air Arabia, where they launched in Sharjah Int. Airport before Fly Dubai was established. So, people were aware of Air Arabia and tried the experience of flying on a low cost carrier. Thats their major competitor, and they have other competitors but from different countries such as, Al jazeera airlines where they are based in Kuwait, and Fly Nas and Sama airlines where they are based in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Five Forces Analysis Michael Porter, the man behind the theory of differentiation states that a business needs to spend more money on creating these values added products or services in order to make it relatively obvious that the product or service is different. (Cordle, 2008). Michael Porter developed the Five Forces Analysis, which primarily helps companies in dealing with internal and external competition from customers and suppliers as well as from other competitors. It also establishes the risk of the current product or service offered. This is all incorporated into a diagram, which is illustrated below: Threat of new entrants Product differentiation: Medium as the aviation industry has been quite innovative on product development and has used all the ideas available- however; they have also proven to be strong competition and adapted similar features as well as their own unique features. Capital requirements: High as the technology used is constantly changing, developing and growing which would justify the need for high capital technological assets and new aircraft models Cost advantages independent of size: High as costs generally vary depending on how large the establishment is, how many staff members are employed, and the amount of customers that use the services or buy the products Access to distribution channels: High as the airline companies can acquire customers through different means such as the internet, travel agencies, sales calls and from their own offices After this analysis we can see that the threat of new entrants is low because the industry is hard to enter. Bargaining power of buyers Concentration of purchases: High as the amount of purchases is decided by the buyer and ultimately determines sales revenue Alternatives and substitutes: High as there are a large amount of carriers that consumers can choose from and all have access to Price or cost sensitivity: High as consumers would generally select a business that offers a fair otherwise cheaper price for the same products Importance of quality: High as consumers have adapted to a certain taste and they constantly assess product quality and customer service to determine their buy Amount of money saved by consumer: High especially during the financial crisis where savings and survival is has grown to be extremely important. (n/a, 2009). Here the bargaining power of buyers is high. Threat of substitute products Price limitations: Medium as this affects the highest amount they are able to charge to consumers and ultimately demonstrates the amount of revenue they will make Ability to upgrade: High due to the rapid advancement of technology and the introduction to newer models of aircrafts from different companies Costs in production: Medium as technology can enable cheaper production but they still employ a large amount of staff in the region Price of substitute: High as this can negatively affect each companies sales growth if another company gains customers due to cheaper prices- this ultimately seems to benefit Fly Dubai more due to their cheaper prices Performance and quality: Low as Low cost carriers are new companies that only started up a few years ago and their scope in the business is low. That is, they do not fly to many destinations and they do not have a wide customer base at the moment. It is high for companies such as Emirates as they have experience, and their high quality brand name and services is difficult to match Here the threat of substitute products is Moderate. Bargaining power of suppliers Low cost carriers purchase their complete air fleet from suppliers such as Boeing and Airbus. They then hand this to third party companies to input entertainment systems and furnish the interior for the different classes, which ultimately create value-added amenities by using this method. Here we can see that the bargaining power of suppliers is Moderate Rivalry among competing firms Numerous competitors: High rivalry as each company is trying to capture the same target market and therefore use their advertising, marketing and promotion techniques Industry growth: High-the market has shown that this industry has grown significantly over the years and more people are gaining access to travelling Differentiation: Medium as there is only a limit to the innovation that can be done on an airplane. However, Low cost carriers have incorporated many other components on their plane such as entertainment, shopping and many more. Amount of fixed costs: This can be determined by factors such as rent, wages and capital expenditure. From this, we can say that it is high. Height of exit barriers: Low for Low cost carriers as they control a relatively small market share, but it is high for Emirates and Etihad who have a vast number of customers which they cater to. Here we can see that the Rivalry among competing firms is Moderate/high. In conclusion, we see after analyzing the five forces, we can say that the market is moderate to high, which is hard to get in because of the difficulties, high starting cost and the experience needed to enter to airline industry. Core Competencies/Key Success Factors A core competency is defined as a companys basic business and area of greatest expertise that provides consumer benefits, not easy for competitors to imitate and can be leveraged widely too many products and markets. (Campbell Luchs, 1997) Essentially, a core competency should accomplish three things: Concrete on the popular destinations to expanded their market. Significantly improve the following attributes. Availability / Scheduling Terminal / Ground Services Price Reputation Prove to be challenging for competitors to imitate their cost leadership strategy. Based on this, airlines would have three major competencies to gain a competitive advantage over each other in the region. The first core competency that low cost carriers will have is related to their prices, which is significantly cheaper compared to other airlines in the region. To accomplish this, they will need to identify and analyze their operations and costs thoroughly to see where they can minimize their costs so that their low fares will not disrupt their ability to generate profit. This will give them a competitive advantage, as customers would prefer low cost airlines, and retain their loyalty to the brand. The second core competency they will offering additional services to customers. Generally, people associate a low-cost airline with no service- but Low cost carriers will differentiate them here and offer a special service by adding additional costs for the service. The last core competency will be the vast variety of destinations they travel to. Although the companies are still relatively small now- they will eventually expand and fly to a large number of countries in the different regions which will attract more people to use their service for less cheaper price from the other airlines. Industry Environmental Scan External Opportunities and Threats Opportunities Lack of price competition in the UAE market: Since most of the airline carriers are relatively high in costs compared to others in the world, local air carriers do not engage as actively in price competition. Fly Dubai however has started with this. Potential to attract clients from the entire region: Since the other airline companies in the GCC do not often fly internationally to popular destinations, the local air carriers in the UAE can attract them as they do fly to these areas. Expansion into international markets: Due to their value added services and state of the art planes, they appeal more to customers and therefore if airline companies in the UAE situate themselves more internationally, they can gain more customers. Contract to corporations and executives: The airline companies can further increase the amount of frequent flyers and gain more revenue by targeting companies that are situated around the GCC. In particular, multinational companies are ones that have executives that need to constantly travel, and therefore they can take advantage of this situation. Threats Increasing costs in the aviation industry: Due to the increase in technology and the value added services they provide, costs have become increasingly expensive for the aviation industry. Furthermore, the costs of labor are also quite high which adds to their total expenses. Shortage of skilled labor: In some areas, the aviation companies here lack skilled labor to perform certain tasks such as aircraft engineering and maintenance, marketing and other activities. Emirates is the only company who has skilled employees in these departments whereas others are not as efficient. Damaging impacts on the environment: The emission of carbon and greenhouse gases from the aircraft fuel has proven to be detrimental to the environment and therefore companies need to be aware of this and somehow prevent it. Falling prices: In certain industries such as real estate, prices have fallen drastically, and this leaves corporations with less money to spend on services. As a result, companies have cut back their traveling costs. Competitors increasing: Due to the increasing amount of free zones in the UAE, multinational companies have found it convenient to start their developments in the region as it is low in cost. As a result, there is an increase in competition from other airlines internationally. Industry Internal Scan Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Support and patronage from government: The UAE government owns and controls all of their airlines and therefore they all gain financial support. Diversified and state of the art planes: The planes, which they own, are newer and significantly better than many other airline companies around the world. Popular and growing companies: The aviation industry consists of the few primary companies offering flights and since their services are relatively good, this improves their brand image to the population. Value added services provided to all customers: The service incorporated in the UAE airline companies are significantly better than others around the world Memberships: They all have memberships in prominent establishments such as Middle East Business Aviation Association which improves their trustworthiness Weaknesses Based mostly in UAE which limits their intake of customers from abroad and around the region: Most of the aircraft companies focus solely on chartering customers in the UAE which limits the potential business they could be making High employee turnover due to low morale: Labor laws are constantly being refined in the UAE, as it is still a developing country. Further to this, they require more experience human resources staff in order to motivate employees to enjoy their job and stay at the company as well as performing highly Business opportunities such as cargo transporting are not always taken advantage of and are expensive: The UAE is a business hub and many companies around the world are establishing themselves. However, most of these companies have restrictions so they cannot produce many products and local companies only produce products for the UAE- the rest is imported. This greatly increases the amount of costs as exported goods are expensive, and they do not partake in exporting their own products, which could potentially earn them more revenue. Part 2- Company Strategy Analysis Mission Statement A mission statement may be identified as the purpose behind a companys existence. The aim is to create an internal image towards employees and an external image towards the public indicating their intentions of operating the business, as well as what they wish to accomplish. Fly Dubai does not have a mission statement on their websites, but from the words of the chairman (Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum), he mentioned the following: Our mission is to bring some two billion regional inhabitants affordable, efficient and flexible travel options to and from Dubai. Nine Essential Components of a Mission Statement Customers Services Markets Technology Concern for Survival, Growth and Profitability Philosophy Self-Concept Concern for Public Image Concern for Employees Judging by the various essential components of a mission statement, it is clear that Fly Dubai still needs to work on developing theirs more. (FARNBOROUGH, 2008). Fly Dubai Generic Strategy Essentially, a company that excels in the industry with exceptional performance that yield significantly larger profits than their rivals, they are said to possess a competitive advantage. There are two common strategies that allow a company to reach this goal, and this can be identified as: Cost Strategy Niche Differentiation Strategy (CAPA, 2009). Cost Strategy In order for a company such as Fly Dubai to implement a Cost Strategy, they need to be able to deliver the same benefits as competing airlines, but should operate under a lower cost. In the research studies on Strategic Management, the resource-based view is a well-established principal that helps a business gain competitive advantage by working on their Value Chain and implementing value-added principals. In the next section, I will describe Fly Dubais value chain, which will allow us to see how they gain a competitive advantage. The Value Chain The value chain comprises of a number of activities that are commonly found in business operations, and is identified as important in gaining a competitive advantage and developing and sustaining shareholder value. The diagram below best represents the value chain and the significant inputs that are analyzed: Primary Activities Inbound Logistics: This refers to how Fly Dubai receives their aviation products and services before distributing it. Operations: This refers to how Fly Dubai uses their resources and change it into a service. Their resources are primarily their fleet of planes, which are docked at several international terminals, and in this method they pick up and drop off passengers. Outbound Logistics: This refers to the channels of distribution Fly Dubai uses to effectively sell their flights to customers. They mostly use online booking, travel agencies, and contact customers directly, or customers can contact them via their office. Marketing and Sales: This refers to the identification of target markets, which bring Fly Dubai sales revenue. Fly Dubai carries out extensive market research to reach their customers who are interested in low fairs. Also, they have to create brand awareness among their customers since they just launched. This step is important to expand their market share. Also, through out their marketing research, they can develop new attractive packages as part of their promotions. It will be difficult to develop large marketing campaign because most of their money will be as operational expenses. Moreover, sales are more cost effective when they make it through Internet. However, consumers in Middle East region are not used to buy from Internet. Service: This refers to the post-purchase activities that ensure customer satisfaction. Fly Dubai issues a questionnaire, which they can follow up with customers on the quality of their products and customer service. Also, they added additional services to their customers such choosing seats when purchasing tickets. Those extra services will add more value to Fly Dubai image. In addition, those services will generate a good publicity for the company through word of mouth. Support Activities Firm infrastructure: Fly Dubais firm infrastructure ensures that certain policies and procedures are followed to support the primary activities. Fly Dubai operates from Dubai International Airport, Terminal 2. Dubai Government developed high infrastructure for Dubai Airport to provide excellent services to passengers. Since Fly Dubai fully owned by Dubai Government, they have all the necessary facilities under their control. Human resource management: Fly Dubai uses extensive human resources practices to recruit the best employees, and effectively trains them, develops them in certain company positions and finally gives them compensation for their hard work through salaries, benefits, bonuses and motivation. However, lack of experience is major issue in this new company. So, they supported by Emirates Group to overcome this weakness. According to Arabian Business that Fly Dubai has received more than 11,500 applications from flight and cabin crew. (Sambidge, 2009). This shows the huge amount of applicants who want to work with this company because they believe that it has bright future because of the reputation gained from its mother company Emirates Group. Technology development: Fly Dubai uses technology to lower their cost by selling tickets through their website www.FlyDubai.com. Adding more features to help customers to print their boarding pass and to choose their seat location by extra fees. Analyzing customer surveys to help with the general support of the company. Their technology is also developed to monitor sales and create functional reports. Differentiation Strategy The differentiation strategy is when a company can successfully thrive in the market while charging premium prices to their consumers for products or services. Essentially, leveraging either a better standard of service quality towards consumers, or having a better product performance does this. Fly Dubai can be differentiated from other competitors by adding flights to popular destinations that have great demand from their target market. Since their market is fragmented, differentiation is important to attract more customers and to expand their market share. There are several different ways in which Fly Dubai gain a competitive advantage in this way. It is renowned that they offer a great airline service along with the most state-of-the-art amenities and technology for all classes, and people gather such information when a company expresses their differentiation. The company does this in a number of ways, and this includes: Brand Awareness Fly Dubai can use extensive advertising techniques in order to penetrate the aviation market and create a higher demand for their services. Firstly, it is important to note that Dubai is one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. Their rapid expansion in major industries has led them to dominate the tourism market. Business Operations Another method, which Fly Dubai can use to gain a competitive advantage through differentiation, is by offering cargo services, freight and logistics, engineering services, and plenty of other subsidiaries which associate these services with the company. Therefore, this reflects positively on the brand name. Service Quality Fly Dubai has won recognition for their high service quality. They spend extensive amounts of their budget on the development of human resources, which ultimately leads to a better service quality, and this improves customer satisfaction. Value Added Features Fly Dubai has a number of value added features, which basically offers them more for the money they spend when flying with them. Firstly, they have a service staff, which is guaranteed to delight every customer they serve. These features contribute to customer satisfaction and improve loyalty in the long run. Marketing Mix One of the prime theories of analysis for a business includes analyzing the market in several terms that would help them identify ways in which they can improve, but more importantly creates a structure in which a company can base their product lines on. This is known as the marketing mix or the 4 Ps as it generally covers the following four factors- products, price, promotion and place. Product: The product entails analyzing the services that Fly Dubai currently offers to their customers and how it meets their demands. They are a public aviation charter service that flies a target market of consumers to a number of countries. Price: The type of services that Fly Dubai offers generally have a high cost margin as they are using modern technology along with the most knowledgeable staff to carry out their operations. Therefore, we can establish that Fly Dubai uses a cost-plus pricing approach where they charge the cost of the operation plus a mark-up for their services. Promotion: Currently, Fly Dubai uses many major forms of promotion, and they generally rely on loyal customers and repeat business to make their profits. They consider various forms of advertising through media sources such as television, radio, newspaper, magazines, cinemas, and Internet. Place: Their operations are run from their primary location, which is in Dubai, UAE. Although they are currently quite profitable and the industry has witnessed a large amount of growth, they have room for expansion in the UAE and other GCC countries as a start. Dubai is quickly being recognized as a business hub and Fly Dubai can exploit that market to be competitive and increase their overall profitability. Competitor Analysis When developing a Strategic Marketing strategy, it is always important to identify the main competitors and find out information about their services and how much of a threat they are to your company in the market. The most efficient way to do this is to compare their marketing mix with Fly Dubai, which is seen below: Emirates Airlines (Indirect) Etihad Airlines (indirect) Air Arabia (direct) Product They offer a range of flights to various different destinations and have a luxurious brand to speak of. They also have cargo transportation that is widely used by corporations. This company offers similar services to Emirates but they do not focus on luxury and are limited to flights. Etihad has cargo services but the division is relatively small They offer similar services to Fly Dubai in terms that it is cheaper- but they are still more expensive. Furthermore, Fly Dubai has better planes. Price Emirates has the most expensive prices in the region but they justify it due to the high value services that are offered They offer slightly lower prices than Emirates but their aircraft fleet is very limited and their services are less desirable Their prices are comparable to Fly Dubai, but their services are not as good Promotion Emirates advertises extensively and has many marketing promotions which is seen throughout the media They

The Illegality of Cocaine :: Pregnancy Drugs Essays

The Illegality of Cocaine As I was skimming through the casebooks in Current Issues and Enduring Questions, I stumbled upon a story by James Q. Wilson called â€Å"Back to the Future† in which he proceeded to tell that cocaine harms an unburned baby and can lead to physical deformities or neurological damage. This sparked my curiosity into wanting to know more about the effects of cocaine on the body and an unborn child. Cocaine comes from the leaves of the Erythroxylon Coca tree which are native to Peru and Bolivia (GG 300). Cocaine is referred to as a benzoylmethyl ecgonine. Ecgonine is an amino alcohol base which is closely related to trephine, the amino alcohol in atropine. Ecgonine is an ester of benzoic acid and a nitrogen-containg base which has the same fundamental structure like the ones in synthetic local anesthetics (GG 300). Cocaine is a hydrochloride, water-soluble salt, dry white powder that is usually snorted through a small tube placed into the nostril; it can also be injected int o a vein (Encarta). The history of cocaine can be dated back into the 1850’s. In 1855 cocaine was first isolated and came to be widely used as an anesthetic in minor surgeries (Encarta). Cocaine has been used for a long time as a drug of abuse, but in the late 1970’s and 1980’s, it became one of the top drugs to be taking (Encarta). There are four common methods of which it is used: 1. swallowing which is not very effective because it is not absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract 2. snorting or sniffing is the most common 3. injecting with a needle produces an intense, awesome rush, but the effects do not last long because of the rapid metabolization by the liver 4. smoking or free-basing is common because it produces an extreme high. The problem with smoking is that it is followed by irritability and discomfort, which results in the user wanting to smoke more (march). The effects of cocaine usually only last between twenty minutes and an hour depending o n the purity and the amount of the drug taken in (march). The first signs noticed from cocaine are and increase in motor activity, fast heartbeat, high blood pressure, and an increase in respiration (march). Other than these results seen from cocaine, death may sometimes occur from a small dose cause by seizures or a heart attack (Encarta).

Confederate States Of America Essay -- essays papers

Confederate States Of America Confederate States of America, the name adopted by the federation of 11 slave holding Southern states of the United States that seceded from the Union and were arrayed against the national government during the American Civil War. Immediately after confirmation of the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, the legislature of South Carolina convened. In a unanimous vote on December 20, 1860, the state seceded from the Union. During the next two months ordinances of secession were adopted by the states of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. President James Buchanan, in the last days of his administration, declared that the federal government would not forcibly prevent the secessions. In February 1861, the seceding states sent representatives to a convention in Montgomery, Alabama. The convention, presided over by Howell Cobb of Georgia, adopted a provisional constitution and chose Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as provisional president and Alexander Hamilton Stephens of Georgia as provisional vice president. The convention, on March 11, 1861, unanimously ratified a permanent constitution. The constitution, which closely resembled the federal Constitution, prohibited the African slave trade but allowed interstate commerce in slaves. Jefferson Davis (1808-89), first and only president of the Confederate States of America (1861-65). Davis was born on June 3, 1808, in Christian (now Todd) County, Kentucky, and educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, and at the U.S. Military Academy. After his graduation in 1828, he saw frontier service until ill health forced his resignation from the army in 1835. He was a planter in Mississippi from 1835 to 1845, when he was elected to the U.S. Congress. In 1846 he resigned his seat in order to serve in the Mexican War and fought at Monterrey and Buena Vista, where he was wounded. He was U.S. senator from Mississippi from 1847 to 1851, secretary of war in the cabinet of President Franklin Pierce from 1853 to 1857, and again U.S. senator from 1857 to 1861. As a senator he often stated his support of slavery and of states' rights, and as a cabinet member he influenced Pierce to sign the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which favored the South and increased the bitterness of the struggle over slavery. In his second term as senator he became t... ...llion; those of the North at $331 million. It was thus obvious that the South was dependent on Europe and on the North for material goods. The lack of resources forced the Confederacy to levy war taxes and borrow heavily on future cotton crops. An inflationary period in 1863 and later government actions almost destroyed the Confederate credit. In addition the South was hampered by the lack of powder mills and of suitable iron works; only one plant, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, was equipped to turn out large field guns. The railroad system was inadequately developed and equipped, and although the South made desperate attempts to maintain itself in a battle against overwhelming odds, the struggles left it financially and industrially ruined at the close of the Civil War. The process of restoring the Confederacy to the Union was called Reconstruction . The U.S. Supreme Court, in 1869, in the case of Texas v. White, declared secession unconstitutional. Bibliography 1. Compton’s Online Encyclopedia 2. America Is, Merrill Publishing Company and Bell and Howell Company, 1987, Columbus, Ohio 3. The American Nation, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994

Alice Walkers Roselily - Two Stories in One :: Walker Roselily Essays

Alice Walker's Roselily - Two Stories in One In the short story "Roselily", Alice Walker tells two stories in one. The most obvious story is the one about the Black American woman Roselily, who stands before the alter, just about to marry a muslim, while she thinks about her past, wonders about the future and is questioning wheter she is making the right choice. The other, hidden story is the story about Black American women in general, their history and their ongoing search for something better. The way I understand the short story, Roselily`s story is, as it is presented to the reader through Roselily's thoughts as she is in the middle of her wedding, a reflection of Black Americans` (and women`s in particular) situation around the 1960s. At this time, Blacks are free Americans with the equal rights as other Americans, in theory. Roselily is an independent woman of her time, but being a single mother of four children, working long hours for most likely lousy wages in a sewing plant, she is far from free. The Blacks are no longer slaves in the cotton fields, they are now paid slaves in the refinement industry. Roselily is most aware of her situation, and she is willing to leave her past and start a new life with a new man. She has probably been searching for a better life for quite some time, by being with different men, who all could give her a child, but not a new life. I am sensing an urge in Roselily, to move on, symbolized by all the cars described in the short story: They are constantly moving from one place to another, they give you mobility, prevent you from being stuck somewhere you do not want to be. Roselily knows that she does not want to stay in the sewing plant, she knows that she wants to move on to something better, but she does not know what better is, and she certainly doubts if what she has chosen will be better than what she had. Her divided personality is like the different groups of Blacks in the civil rights movements. Some Blacks wanted segregation, some wanted their own nation, some wanted to be more African, some wanted to live like the White Americans, some were Muslims and some were Christians. They all agreed that their current situation was not acceptable, but they did not know how to improve it.

Is a Discovery an Invention or Is an Invention a Discovery

Is a discovery an invention or Is an Invention a discovery? This Is one question that can probably never be answered. A discovery can be defined as something which already existed, and is excavated after one notice's it or proves its existence . Invention is the creation of something which didn't exist before it was created by a genius mind . For instance, Newton discovered the existence of gravity when an apple fell on his head. It did exist before Newton realizes its existence, but then why TLD anyone else notice Its existence except him? Hence It Is said that Newton discovered gravity.Whereas on the other hand Thomas Alva Edison was the first person to make the electric bulb and his technology was a baby of his brain which didn't exist before he created it, hence it is said to be an invention. Almost all Areas of knowledge namely History, Art, Natural Science, Mathematics, Human science and ethics are both discovered and invented if different point of views are taken into consider ation. Is mathematics invented or discovered? There are two questions which arise In the minds of people when they think of this. If math was discovered. Where and how Is one exactly looking for It? Is mathematics a language?The way poets add new words to English making it more understandable and expressive; does a mathematician do the same with numbers to make it as connected and expressive it is? Or did they just point out at things which always existed but were waiting to be discovered. And if it was that, then why it did only appear to these big minds and not to common men. How could Newton and Leibniz, who stayed seas apart, come up to almost the same conclusions regarding calculus, In the same time period? Since they did reach at the same conclusions, their source of knowledge could also be similar hence math could be discovered.On the other hand if math was invented, why wouldn't we see the truth in â€Å"2+2=5†? Mathematics is based on a set of Axioms or what we call â€Å"postulates† which are basically statements that are assumed to be true without a proof. Therefore if â€Å"2+2=4† is an axiom without a proof, why do we believe so deep In It and use It In our dally affairs If there Is no possible proof to back It up? And If It were to be true, why wouldn't a new concept of â€Å"2+2=5†³ hold truth If a mathematician has come up with It with his own sensible research? Therefore mathematics can be invented. Human efforts to imitate, supplement, alter, or counteract the work of nature. † One of the most controversial areas of knowledge is art. This is mainly because art is not definite as people's definition of art is highly subjective. What might appeal to my eyes may not appeal to someone else's eye. For a person a cave could be artistic, while for another it could be Just another cave. Therefore art depends on peoples perception. Some artists try to find creativity in already existing things. For instance, an artist walking by a tree denuded realizes that the tree resembles a woman.For him, that is a piece of art, which always existed, hence was discovered. However, that tree may not seem like a woman to another person and may look Just like a tree. Some artists invent something and call it a piece of art. For instance, if an artist carves a woman out of a tree, en NAS invented that piece tot art. But again it may not necessarily appeal to others as an artwork. There is also a third view point to this. If I make a statement, â€Å"l am hungry', it is neither invented nor discovered. It is only the expression of my Houghton/feelings. The thought was created and brought out through the medium on language.Art too is a language used to express one's creativity. It is only a medium and is neither invented nor discovered, it is only created. What is it that clouds every human decision? What is it that forms a base line for the humans to understand whether what they are doing is right or wrong? What is it that's forms the human conscience? It is ethics. Ethics can be defined as, â€Å"A set of principles of right conduct. † Ethics are a list of rules which one has to follow to maintain a good conduct in the society. Our decisions and thoughts are completely governed by our ethics. Ethics are forced into us since our young early days.Every one at some point or the other remembers their parent's telling them in their adolescence, â€Å"One should never lie†, â€Å"one should always keep their anger in their control†, and â€Å"one should always bow their head before the great God†. What are these that our parent's are teaching us? These are ethics. These develop overtime and then they make us responsible humans. Were ethic's invented or were they discovered? Let's take for example, a comparison between the Indian culture and the Western culture a few cascades back. When widow remarriage was a taboo in the Indian culture, it was at accepted in the weste rn culture.In India, one's a husband expired because of what so ever reasons, the wife had to sit on his dead body and the family members would burn the living wife to death along with the dead husband. According to them, then, marriages were pairs made by God and sent to Earth. Therefore if the husband dies, the wife is also killed hence they stay in pairs even after death. That were the ethic's of Indians at that time, where as the western had a totally opposite culture. If a Cubans died or visa versa, the other one could get remarried and settle down with a new family.Therefore if the kinds of ethics thought to humans are differentiated on the bases of factors, in this case, Religion, then ethics is to be invented. On the other hand when it is believed that killing people for our selfish meaner is not a good conduct. Robbing, abusing, insulting others is not the right thing to do. What are these? These are also ethics, but the only difference is that these are accepted world- wid e. Maybe some countries have a small punishment for it and other have a terrible en but at the end everyone believes that it isn't the right thing to do.Then how are these ethics not differentiated on the bases of religion or any other factors symbolizing diversity? This might be because ethics might be discovered and their source of discovery is either the same or it is similar. This is because if the conclusion of two problems is the same, either their source is similar or the same. Therefore ethics can either be invented or discovered or maybe created my religion or religious preachers in the olden times but nothing can be said with complete certainty.

Diabetes (type 2): Prevention Program

Stage of Susceptibility:At this stage, the individual is predisposed to having diabetes mellitus due to some factors called the risk factors. These factors are: Family history of diabetics, i.e if any of the parent or of the lineage has diabetics before. B). overweight this is when the body mass index is more than or equal 25. C).habitual physical activity i.e. when an individual does not participate in any physical activity. D. Some forms are also predominant in some races. E). a person who has been previously identified as having impaired fasting glucose. F). Hypertension and history of gestational diabetes and individuals who has polycystic ovarian syndrome.Stage of Pre-symptomatic Disease:Diabetics mellitus does not have prolonged stage of prolong stage of pre-symptomatic. Since there are two major problems in type 2 DM, there is insulin resistance and there is pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. The beta cell dysfunction might be cause be many factor including autoimmune antibodie s directed on some antigen which will have reduce the number and effectiveness of the beta cell.Stage of Clinical Disease:When the diabetics is full blown common symptoms include polyuria (passing of excess urine both in the day and at night), polydipsia (drinking of excess water to compensate for the fluid been loss by the urinary system), obesity, easy fatigability. some patient will have in addition to theses nausea and vomiting, this is the stage that usually present in the hospitalStage of Disability:Diabetics’ type 2 mellitus if not treated early may cause some complication. These complications are divided into acute and chronic. The acute complication s are the effect which can result from excess glucose that is build up in the blood, this is called Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) in which the excess glucose is converted to acetyl-coA and in the process form ketone bodies. The chronic complications are neuropathy, kidney damage, retinopathy, stroke, and leg ulcersPrimary P revention:The aim of primary treatment is to reduce the predisposing and risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, this can be done through proper nutrition i.e. eating high fiber, low fat diet, low salt and alcohol intake, and having regular exercise. We ensure that some underline diseases are taking care of every time for instance hypertension.Secondary Prevention:Here the aim of the secondary prevention is to alleviate the symptoms, to normalize the glucose level in the body, and to prevent its complications. This is done by aggressively controlling the hypertension if the patient is hypertensive, giving diabetic diet, by the use of antihypertensive. Insulin can sometimes be given in type 2 but not in all cases, but since we know that there is insulin resistance we will give the patient drugs that will improve the resistance this include Sulphonyuras class of drugs.Tertiary Prevention:This is the treatment given when the disease has presented with complications. This is done by ri gidly monitoring the blood glucose within a close range so as to reduce the already develop complications. Some times operations are carried out on patient with retinopathy so as to correct the sight. In a patient with chronic leg ulcer, the best therapy is to amputate the gangrenous legs so that it will not deteriorate.

In the Penal Colony

Although Kafka’s story â€Å"In the Penal Colony† can be considered 3rd person omniscient, I believe the story was primary narrated through officer. I agree with Brittany’s interpretation that the traveler benefits from the narration of the officer, because I believe that the traveler symbolizes the reader while the officer plays a more active role as the narrator. The traveler like the reader is brought to a foreign place where the officer’s explain the intricacies of his beloved machine. The officer seems to be in control of everyone on the penal colony, while the traveler seems to be a passive bystander who did not try to stop the officer’s â€Å"unjustified† punishment. â€Å"The traveler now wanted to remain silent, but he felt the eyes of the condemned man on him; he seemed to be asking whether the traveler could approve the procedure that had just been described. † (Page 40) Even when the traveler believed that it was immoral to â€Å"judge† the condemned man without a fair trial, he believe it was wiser to not to interfere with the officer’s judgment. Nevertheless, he had to remind himself that this was a penal colony, that special disciplinary measures were necessary here, and that military procedures had to prevail throughout. † (Page 41) Therefore, I think the authoritative officer seems to be primary narrator. By presenting the narrative in this perspective, the reader like the traveler is able to emotionally and intellectually react to story; however, we can only be the passive bystander watching the inhumane acts unfold right before our eyes. Perhaps we are the traveler who just happens to be â€Å"invited† to penal colony. Perhaps we possess neither the courage nor the power to stop torture of the condemned man. More importantly, by representing the traveler as the reader, Kafka asks the reader several critical questions. Would we impose our judgment upon others, if we deem them immoral? Are we the passive bystander who would do nothing to stop torture? How can we â€Å"be just? †

International Environment Essay

Entrepreneurial activities and innovation has drastically changed the international competitiveness of Brazilian companies which has taken the country’s economy beyond its agricultural sector. Technology has drastically changed in Brazil because of which many foreign firms have started investing in the country. A research conducted by the Research Institute on Applied Economics (IPEA) studied 1200 industrial firms in Brazil and compared them to similar firms in Mexico and Argentina, results showed Brazilian firms to be very competitive in medium and high technology products in the international export market (Wright 2007). The report by Wright (2007) also states that Brazil has limited product development activities due to its weak capital market structure however it has a very strong research base on the supply-side which helps them in producing innovative goods. In computer markets Brazil is fifth largest in the world; it is also investing domestically in emerging technologies hence posing great opportunities for global investment (Fried, 2008). Technology Environment in Singapore The technological environment of Singapore has advanced exponentially in the past few years; e-commerce transactions have greatly increased in areas such as internet trading and internet banking (The Economist 2007). The government in its Information and Communication Technology 21 (ICT21) master plan of 2000 planned on positioning Singapore as a global capital of communication and information technology by 2010 (The Economist). This clearly shows the level of research and development activity in the country and the impact it will have, and has had, in the transfer of technology with respect to global investment; in July 2000 the Economic Development Board Investment setup M-Commerce Ventures to further foreign investment.

Systems Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Systems Approach - Essay Example [Kelly, G., p.204]. According to this, the laws governing the parts determine or cause the behavior of the whole. That’s why the client’s behavior needs to be viewed as a whole, being determined by the complex of influences from inner and outer surroundings to the organism. General Systems Theory is based on the assumption that there are universal principles of organization, which hold all the systems, be they physical, chemical, biological, mental or social. In this case, while treating a client there is an urgent need to appreciate his behavior as being influenced by a complicated list of determinates, which could be very different, but at the same time, due to the Systems Approach, are similar to all the human organisms. According to G.A.Kelly, the person-as-clent is ‘what he does’, and the therapist is primary interested in the client’s overall personal construction system within which he structures his world, and builds his relations to such a world. Primary diagnostic work in this case include an outline of the client’s existing channels of movement, the prediction of the development of a way how a person will behave, and what factors this behavior is determined by. The reasons for this emerge from the client’s inner problems, hidden in his childhood (this is the case of study for psychoanalysis, when the behavioral patterns of a client are the shadows of the events happened to him in the past), or are determined by the conditions of the present surrounding, and his personal behavioral constructs. Kelly stresses, that ‘by seeing a client’s constructs and their opposites as channels of potential movement for him, the therapist has some basis for forecasting what adjustments will appear to the client to be available when he finds himself up to his ears in people’. [Kelly, G., p.187] To view a client and to make an appropriate diagnosis the therapist must point of all the influences which have a certain impact on the

Clean room assignment engineering practice Lab Report

Clean room assignment engineering practice - Lab Report Example The next step in the fabrication process is to create the buried channels by implanting phosphorous ions in areas that will eventually be covered by polysilicon gate electrodes. The n-type semiconductor formed by phosphorus contains negatively charged electrons as the primary charge carriers and forms a pn-type diode structure, which serves to localize potential wells deep beneath the silicon/silicon dioxide interface. The potential well illustrated in the central portion of Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of the diode structure. The primary function of the buried channel is to localize integrated electrons away from the silicon/silicon dioxide interface, where they can become trapped during charge transfer. By localizing charge deep within the p-type silicon substrate, transfer of charge occurs more efficiently with a minimum of residual charge remaining in the gate. After the buried channels are formed within the silicon substrate, a layer of silicon dioxide is thermally grown on the silicon wafer surface to provide an insulating base for the gate electrodes. Next, a phosphorous-doped layer of polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) about 5,000 angstroms thick is grown on top of the oxide layer. This layer of polysilicon comprises the gate electrodes (see Figure 1) and is transparent to visible light, making it an ideal substance for use in CCDs. Although, the fabrication of a complete CCD takes additional steps, the basics of the MOS capacitor assembly have been completed at this point." I Vs V Characteristics (According to M.Aceves, O.Malik, V. Grimalsky V.5 No. 2 (2004) P. 236-237), National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics ( INAOE), Electronics Department.) The dynamic I-V characteristics of these MOS structures when linear voltage sweep (60 v/ sec) was applied to the metallic semitransparent gate is shown in the diagrams below. Dynamic I-V Characteristics of fabricated MOS capacitor with silicon dioxide as insulator with positive (above) and negative (below) charge recorded when a triangular sweep voltage ( 60 v/s) was applied to the gate. References Process specialities Inc Davidson Michael - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory,1800 East Paul Dirac Dr, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310 Aceves, Malik, Grimalsky - National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics ( INAOE), Electronics Department, P.O 51 AND 216, Puebla, Pue, Mexico. Physics and

Enterprise Architecture Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enterprise Architecture Final Exam - Assignment Example For the said paradigm of homogeneity to take place in the running of the Enterprise Architecture, it is important to have key deliverables in place. These deliverables are tangible tasks that must be performed to ensure the successful implementation of the company’s operating model (Schekkerman, 2004). There could indeed be as many of these deliverables as possible but classifying them is also possible. Classifications could bring about key deliverables such as road maps, made up of technology, process and people road maps; application portfolio management; IT risk management; standards and polices; and scenario planning may all be mentioned. Enterprise architecture framework is generally a tangible manifestation of the mindset of the enterprise architect towards the implementation of the enterprise architecture. To this end, an enterprise architecture framework may be said to be system for the provision of principles and practices that come together to constitute the architec ture description for the organization (Paras, 2005). Because of the differences in organizational structures, organizational demand for enterprise architecture and of course differences with preferences of enterprise architects, there are major types of enterprise architecture frameworks that may be used. ... There is also solution architecting mechanism (SAM), which is commonly used by architects who want to achieve set of integral modules. But for whichever form or example of enterprise architecture framework that is used, an outstanding identity is that these frameworks are made up of matrices and diagrams that manifest the domains, layers and models that the architect uses in initiating the enterprise architecture. Principles in general are rules and guidelines that inform the parameters based on which the achievement of organizational missions and goals is approached. In this regard, enterprise principles can be said to be the standardization of decision-making options within the organization for the common good of achieving governance stratification. On the other hand, architecture principles could be said to be rules and regulations that gives a level of uniformity in the across the enterprise and decisions on how enterprise architecture should be developed and maintained (Ross, We ill and Robertson, 2006). It is based on these premises that Weill, Subramani and Broadbent (2002) have identified enterprise architecture principle as a coordinated paradigm used for determining the focus of any given enterprise will utilize and deploy its scope of IT resources and properties (McGovern, Stevens and Sharan, 2004). There exist different examples of enterprise architecture, depending on what an organization wants to achieve. In the simplest forms however most organizations make use of examples of enterprise architecture principles including business principles, data principles, and application principles. Business principles cater for such areas of the enterprise architecture such as primacy of principles, information management as

Domestic Terrorism History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domestic Terrorism History - Term Paper Example The terror acts carried out include violent demonstrations destroying property, using any weapon that harms life especially use of grenades, poisonous gases, machine guns and others. Domestic terrorism can have gross effects on a nation as those carrying out the attacks are living among the people they want to attack. A government should be aware of the possible risk of terrorism from within and take the necessary precautions. The American government is wary of domestic terrorism more than any nation. The government comprises of several states coming together to form one hierarchical ruler -ship. The issue of mixed race also increases the chances of occurrence of domestic terrorism as one race rises against the other (Hewitt, 2003). Different religions all demanding a voice exist .Human right activists are very assertive and can stage demonstrations to air their grievances or influence one group of people against the other. With all these possible risks of terror from within, the int elligence unit has a responsibility of ensuring that the people enjoy security and peace. Domestic terrorism therefore still poses a great threat to America’s security. In the recent past, several cases of domestic attacks appear in police reports. There was the case of a man who tried to harm people in a large building with poisonous gas. Luckily, police arrested before he could execute his mission. A different case in record was when a group of people broke windows of democratic offices expressing their dissatisfaction with the services they offered. These people demanded more from them. Reported also are several other cases of people plotting out attacks and making orders for materials for use in such attacks. Other Americans reported to oppose some military activities staged a protest. According to Cleto (1999), other reports of domestic violence are cases whereby scientists face accusations of engaging in bio-terrorism either intentionally or accidentally. In such cases, chemical toxins or harmful biological materials are released into the environment, harming human or the environment. These scientists compromise on the rules of bio-security and therefore leak material. In other cases, potential terrorists gain entry into laboratories and access hazardous material. According to the rules of bio-security, such material should be inaccessible. This type of terrorism can cause gross negative effects on the environment and on man. Scientists are educated on the procedures or ensuring responsibility. In addition, they should be more aware of the people gaining entry into research laboratories. The research laboratories are fitted with a tight security system to minimize entry of unauthorized personnel. Despite all these prevention measures, bioterrorism poses a risk of harm in America. After America managed to defeat al-Qaeda, a new form of domestic terrorism evolved. Members of this group have been attempting to buy Americans, train them, and supply th em with weapons. These Americans can therefore plot terror attacks in their own country with little suspicion. Non-patriotic Americans can agree to an agreement of this type and therefore pose a threat to society. A terror attack of this type is risky as it is not easy to identify such individuals. Another form of domestic terrorism occurs when the military are involved in extra-judicial killings. In this case, the military that is supposed to protect the people harms the people. Cases like these may occur

Comparative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Comparative - Essay Example The president, George W. Bush says the hatred is because of America’s greatness. This greatness brings forth rage especially for the countries that cannot get freedom. The other opinion is from a minority group who think America is hated because of its support for some regimes especially in Middle East which can be repressive. According to America’s democracy, some of these ideals are not really acceptable. Wade thinks that America looks at the inward such that even the spending of money is much far than other countries like India. The emergence of original and more so unique cultures in America leads to celebration of individuals at community’s expense. Examples of these are human affairs innovations and the sociological event of atom splitting (Wades, p247). The United States people are quite unwilling to know or rather learn anything outside their borders. The difference in classes has led to emergence of groups such as al-Qaeda of Osama bin laden. Wade thinks al-Qaeda forms due to rich as well as poor differences. For example the leader Osama may be rich but fellow al-Qaeda may not be. The culture of America is much modernized, but for most uncivilized people especially from Africa, some of the things seem mean as they view from televisions’ programs. They conclude that that’s how the American people. Another example is where the people in the Middle East believe America’s values are questionable. ... It is not clear however, what happens to these children as they turn into young adults or thereafter leading to low leaving standards. In Kenya, most youths after getting some literacy end up unemployed and thus dwell in slums in Nairobi and some hate their ancestral lifestyles. Throughout the world, people forget the old and traditions but the fact is that they have to struggle to survive. According to anthropology, people and cultures that are under stress bring forth ideologies which are strange or weird and unexpected. For example, the case of Boxers of China who beheaded and murdered missionaries and displayed these heads as well (Wade, p249). Wade on page 250 also says al-Qaeda does not have full Muslim faith and so is partly Muslim, partly not. A sociologist from Harvard Daniel Bell wrote that the state of the nation is too small compared to the world’s big problems yet too big for the world’s small problems. Modernization has led to changing in the cultures; eve n languages are not taught to the children. He also thinks that the past may end up defining the future and its culture. He gives the example of Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination that took place in 1914. This incidence may turn out to define the fate of two different worlds in even 100 years to come. As a conclusion, Wade strongly points out that there must be aspiration to a new type of pluralism spirit which must be an international one. True democracy according to Wade, is supposed to be globally available, so that several cultures which are unique whether they are small or large, have the right to be in existence. Interdependent declaration moreover, must also be global in its existence as it is very essential for survival of